F1 engines are complex hybrids made up of several parts — and each driver is only allowed a limited number of each per season. Go over the limit? Expect a grid penalty.
What is a power unit in F1?
It’s not just one engine — it’s a hybrid system with 6 main components:
- ICE – Internal Combustion Engine
- TC – Turbocharger
- MGU-H – Heat energy recovery
- MGU-K – Kinetic energy recovery
- ES – Energy Store (battery)
- CE – Control Electronics
How many of each part can a driver use in 2025?
Drivers are allowed:
- 3 ICE
- 3 TC
- 3 MGU-H
- 3 MGU-K
- 2 ES
- 2 CE
These limits cover the entire season.
What happens if a driver goes over the limit?
They receive grid penalties:
- Typically 10 places for the first extra component
- 5 places for additional changes
- Or start from the back of the grid for multiple violations
Can components be reused?
Yes — teams can mix and match any parts already used within the allowed pool.
Why are there limits?
To:
- Control costs
- Encourage reliability
- Prevent engine-swapping advantages
Are penalties ever waived?
Only under force majeure (like crash damage not caused by the driver). But teams must prove it to the FIA.
